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翻訳と辞書　辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ] スポンサード リンク Volcanic impacts on the oceans ： ウィキペディア英語版 Volcanic impacts on the oceans Explosive volcanic eruptions affect the global climate mainly through injecting sulfur bearing gases into the stratosphere, which oxidize to form sulfate aerosols. Stratospheric sulfur aerosols spread around the globe by the atmospheric circulation, producing surface cooling by scattering solar radiation back to space. This cooling effect on the ocean surface usually lasts for several years as the lifetime of sulfate aerosols is about 2–3 years.〔Stenchikov, G., Delworth, T. L., Ramaswamy, V., Stouffer, R. J., Wittenberg, A., & Zeng, F. (2009). Volcanic signals in oceans. Journal of Geophysical Research, 114(D16), 1–13. doi:10.1029/2008JD011673〕 However, in the subsurface ocean the cooling signal may persist for a longer time and may have impacts on some decadal variabilities, such as the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC).〔〔Church, J. a, White, N. J., & Arblaster, J. M. (2005). Significant decadal-scale impact of volcanic eruptions on sea level and ocean heat content. Nature, 438(7064), 74–7.doi:10.1038/nature04237〕 ==Lowering sea surface temperature== Volcanic aerosols from huge volcanoes (VEI>=5) directly reduce global mean sea surface temperature (SST) by approximately 0.2-0.3 °C,〔〔Angell, J. K. (1988). Impact of E1 Nifio on the Delineation of Tropospheric Cooling Due to Volcanic Eruptions. Journal of Geophysical Research, 93, 3697–3704〕 milder than global total surface temperature drop, which is ~0.3 to 0.5 °C,〔Rampino, M., & Self, S. (1982). Historic Eruptions of Tambora ( 1963 ), Their Stratospheric ( 1815 ), Krakatau ( 1883 ), and Agung Aerosols , and Climatic Impact. Quaternary Research, 18, 127–143.〕〔Angell, J. K., & Korshover, J. (1985). Surface Temperature Changes Following the Six Major Volcanic Episodes between 1780 and 1980. Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology, 24, 937–951〕〔Minnis, P., Harrison, E. F., & Stowe, L. L. (1993). Radiative Climate Forcing by Mount Pinatubo Eruption. Science, 259, 1369–1508.〕 according to both global temperature records and model simulations. It usually takes several years to be back to normal. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Volcanic impacts on the oceans」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.